In the Middle Ages large areas of the Netherlands were flooded by the sea. What was the reason?

peat extraction
tectonic movements
rise of the ocean level
building dams over rivers
Most of the areas below sea level are man-made, caused by centuries of extensive and poorly controlled peat extraction, lowering the surface by several meters. Even in flooded areas, peat extraction continued through turf dredging.
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Answers by country

peat extraction
tectonic movements
rise of the ocean level
building dams over rivers
answers
flagRepublic of Ireland
68%
0%
18%
6%
16
flagGermany
60%
5%
10%
25%
20
flagthe United Kingdom
46%
5%
17%
30%
39
flagPoland
41%
13%
22%
22%
4567
flagthe Netherlands
34%
2%
31%
28%
38
flagthe United States
33%
25%
22%
18%
48
flagIndia
25%
12%
50%
12%
16